BIOLOGY

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media type="custom" key="4677343"** media type="youtube" key="qkvl374liGs" height="344" width="425" ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________- Types of chemical separations: **
 * Extraction: is a useful technique for separating compounds such as somemones that have different polarities. This technique can also be used to extract a solut from a solid.
 * Distillation: it is used frequently to purify liquids,.
 * Recrystallization: it is the technique that purifies solids, which take advantage of diferences in the solubility of different compiunds of a mixture in different solvents.
 * Chromatography: it is one of the fast-growing methods for separating compounds, it was first used to separate the colored pigments in plants.
 * Examples:**
 * For extraction coffe´s a good example, because coffe is decaffeinated by extraction.
 * [[image:cafe.jpg]]
 * For distillation all mixtures that have a liquid/liquid mixture are a good example.
 * [[image:tareaa.jpg]]
 * For recrystallization purifying soilids like crystals are some examples.
 * [[image:crys.jpg]]
 * For chromatography there are a lot of examples.. but the first that was used were plants.
 * [[image:plan.jpg]]

Reviewed by GL: And your sources of information?

Definitions: ** Reviewed by GL
 * _
 * Cofactor: inorganic complement of an enzyme reaction, usually a metal ions.
 * Enzyme: A catalyst or a chemical produced by cells to speed up specific chemical reaction.
 * Ribozyme: or rna molecule that act as enzymes, often found to catalyze cleavage of either its own or other rnas. It has also been found to catalyze the aminotransferase activity of the ribosome.
 * Vitamins: an essential low molecular weight organic compound required in trace amounts for normal growth and metabolic processes. They usually serve as components od coenzyme systems.
 * Properties:**
 * Cofactor: it is a component, other than the protein portion, of many enzymes. The cofactor have an important role in the enzymes, because if it is remove from a complete enzyme, the protein will have a catalyc activity.
 * Enzymes: are proteins that are biological catalysts, they reduce the activation energy required for a reaction to occur and thus speed up a reaction. In a different temperature, above a certain point causes them to break down and they are gradually destroyed.
 * Ribozyme: is an RNA molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction.
 * Vitamins: are series of components that the organism needs to obtain a suitable functioning that allows us to posses a good health and to have a suitable growth. They are organic compounds different from the proteins, from the fats and from the carbohydrates. They are considered to be essential nutrients, The vitamins are necessary for the good function of the organism.[[image:tarea.jpg]][[image:ooo.jpg]]

**Diseases caused by mitochondrial defects.. **
A strikingly amount of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been found to be the causes of some diseases like: Respiratoty chain and Oxidative phosphorylation defects. These mitochondrial disorders were the first investigated after mtDNA in the 80´s. Recently numerous mutations of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins have been characterized. These mitochondrial disorders are casued by the defects in Mitochondrial Carriers, there is a family of nuclear-coded that transport a variety of metabolites across the mitochondrial membrane. The diseases that cause this defects or disorders in mitochondria are called Mitochondrial myopathy, the danger of this mutations in mitochondria are very dangerous some times..because it produce diseases in the liver and also brain disorder. Its very dangerous if this kind of disorders affect our brain, nerves or muscles because these are the most energy-hungry cells of the body. Also if the disorder is a big one.. it could be possible that all of our organs will be involve, so this tell us that all of our organs can be affected. This are some of the symptoms:

Poor growth  However, mitochondrial disorders are very common..Some children born with these disorders in the mitochondria, but also in adults is common, it is well known that this dysfunctions cause Cancer, Parkinson´s disease, Atherosclerotic heart disease, Alzheimer´s disease, there are not so much cures for this diseases.
 * Loss of muscle coordination, muscle weakness
 * Visual and/or hearing problems
 * Developmental delays, learning disabilities
 * Mental retardation
 * Heart, liver, or kidney disease
 * Gastrointestinal disorders, severe constipation
 * Respiratory disorders
 * Diabetes
 * Increased risk of infection
 * Neurological problems, seizures
 * Thyroid dysfunction
 * Dementia (mental disorder characterized by confusion, disorientation, and memory loss)

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